SYSTEM FOR GENERATING AND MAINTAINING A MAGNETIC FIELD WITH A REVERSE CONFIGURATION

专利摘要:
systems and methods for formation and maintenance of a high performance frc systems and methods that facilitate the formation and maintenance of reverse configurations in high performance field (frcs). a high-performance frc to hpf (hpf) system includes a central containment container surrounded by two diametrically opposed theta narrowing formation sections and, in addition to the forming sections, two bypass chambers to control neutral density and contamination counter with impurities. a magnetic system includes a series of almost dc spirals axially positioned along the frc system components, almost dc mirror spirals between the containment chamber and the adjacent forming sections, and mirrored plugs between the forming sections and the elements deviation. training sections include modular pulsed energy training systems that allow frcs to be formed in situ and then accelerated and injected (= static formation) or formed and accelerated simultaneously (= dynamic formation). the frc system additionally includes neutral atom beam injectors, a pellet injector, gettering systems, axial plasma guns and flow surface orientation electrodes.
公开号:BR112014011619B1
申请号:R112014011619-9
申请日:2012-11-14
公开日:2021-04-06
发明作者:Michel Tuszewski；Michl Binderbauer；Dan Barnes；Eusebio Garate；Houyang Guo；Sergei Putvinski；Artem Smirnov
申请人:The Regents Of The University Of California；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

[0001] [001] This application claims the benefits of US provisional application No. 61 / 559,154, filed on November 14, 2011, and claims the benefits of US provisional application No. 61 / 559,721, filed on November 15, 2011, which requests which are incorporated here by reference. FIELD
[0002] [002] The modalities described here generally refer to magnetic plasma confinement systems and, more particularly, to systems and methods that facilitate the formation and maintenance of Reverse Field Configurations with superior stability in addition to particle, energy and flow confinement. FUNDAMENTAL INFORMATION
[0003] [003] The Reverse Field Configuration (FRC) belongs to the class of magnetic plasma confinement topologies known as compact toroids (CT). It predominantly exhibits poloidal magnetic fields and has self-generated toroidal fields equal to zero or small (see M. Tuszewski, Nucl. Fusion 28, 2033 (1988)). The attractions of such a configuration are simple geometry to facilitate construction and maintenance, an unrestricted natural deviation element to facilitate energy extraction and ash removal, and a very high  ( being the ratio of the average plasma pressure to the mean magnetic field pressure within FRC), that is, high energy density. The high  nature is advantageous for economical operation and for the use of advanced aneutronic fuels, such as D-He3 and p-B11.
[0004] [004] The traditional method of forming a FRC uses inverse  narrowing technology in the field, producing hot, high-density plasmas (see A.L. Hoffman and J.T. Slough, Nucl. Fusion 33, 27 (1993)). A variation of this is the method of translation and entrapment in which plasma created in a theta narrowing "source" is more or less immediately ejected from one end into a confinement chamber. The translating plasmoid is then trapped between two strong mirrors at the ends of the chamber (see, for example, H. Himura. S. Okada, S. Sugimoto, and S. Goto, Phys. Plasmas 2, 191 (1995)). Once in the containment chamber, various methods of heating and current activation can be applied such as beam injection (neutral or neutralized), rotating magnetic fields, RF or ohmic heating, etc. This separation of source and containment functions offers key engineering advantages for potential future fusion reactors. FRCs have proven to be extremely robust, resilient to dynamic formation, translation and violent capture events. Furthermore, they show a tendency to assume a preferred plasma state (see, for example, H.Y. Guo, A.L. Hoffman, K. E. Miller, and L.C. Steinhauer, Phys. Ver. Lett. 92, 245001 (2004)). Significant progress has been made in the past decade by developing other FRC training methods: emerging spheres with oppositely directed helicities (see, for example, Y.Ono, M. Inomoto, Y. Ueda, T. Matsuyama, and T. Okazaki, Nucl. Fusion 39, 2001 (1999)) and by driving current with rotating magnetic fields (RMF) (see, for example, IR Jones, Phys. Plasmas 6, 1950 (1999)) which also provide additional stability.
[0005] [005] Recently, the collision and mixing technique, proposed a long time ago (see, for example, DR Wells, Phys. Fluids 9, 1010 (1966)) has been significantly developed: two separate theta narrows at opposite ends of a confinement simultaneously generate two plasmoids and accelerate the plasmoids towards each other at high speed; they then collide in the center of the containment chamber and mix to form a composite FRC. In the successful construction and operation of one of the largest FRC experiments to date, the conventional collision and mixing method featured stable, durable, high-flow, high-temperature FRCs (see, for example, M. Binderbauer, HYGuo, M. Tuszewski et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 045003 (2010)).
[0006] [006] FRCs consist of a protrusion of closed field lines within a separator, and an annular edge layer in the open field lines just outside the separator. The edge layer agglutinates in jets beyond the length of the FRC, providing a natural deviation. The topology of the FRC coincides with that of the Reverse Field Mirror plasma. However, a significant difference is that the FRC plasma has a  of about 10. The inherent low internal magnetic field provides a population of native kinetic particles, that is, particles with large lamor rays, comparable to the smaller radius of the FRC. It is these strong kinetic effects that appear to at least partially contribute to the gross stability of past and present FRCs, such as those produced in the collision and mixing experiment.
[0007] [007] Typical past FRC experiments have been dominated by convection losses with energy confinement largely determined by particle transport. The particles basically diffuse radially out of the separator volume, and are then lost axially in the edge layer. Accordingly, FRC confinement depends on the properties of both closed and open field line regions. The particle diffusion time expiration of the separator s presents as τꞱ ~ a2 / DꞱ (a ~ rs / 4, where rs is the central radius of the separator), and DꞱ the characteristic diffusion capacity of the FRC, such as DꞱ ~ 12, 5 pie, with pie representing the ion spin, supported by an externally applied magnetic field. The particle confinement time in edge layer τ | it is essentially an axial transit time in past FRC experiments. In a steady state, the balance between radial and axial particle losses results in a separating density gradient length δ ~ (DꞱτ |) 1/2. The FRC particle confinement time is scaled as (τꞱτ |) 1/2 for past FRCs that have a substantial density in the separator (see, for example, M. Tuszewski, "Field Reversed Configurations", Nucl. Fusion 28, 2033 ( 1988)).
[0008] [008] Another disadvantage of the previous FRC system is the need to use external multipoles to control rotation instabilities such as rapid growth n = 2 interchange instabilities. In this way, the typical externally applied four-pole fields provide the magnetic restoration pressure necessary to cushion the growth of these unstable modes. While this technique is suitable for controlling the stability of bulky thermal plasma, it poses a severe problem for more kinetic FRCs or advanced hybrid FRCs, where a population of large, highly kinetic orbit particles is combined with normal thermal plasma. In these systems, the distortions of the asymmetric magnetic field resulting from such multipole fields result in drastically rapid particle losses through stochastic diffusion without collision, a consequence of the loss of canonical angular momentum conservation. A new solution to provide stability control without improving the diffusion of any particles and, therefore, important to take advantage of the increased performance power of these advanced FRC concepts never explored before.
[0009] [009] In view of the above, it is therefore desirable to improve the confinement and stability of FRCs in order to use steady-state FRCs as a pathway for the full range of applications from compact neutron sources (for the production of medical isotope and nuclear waste remediation), for separation and mass enrichment systems, and for a reactor core for fusing light cores for future energy generation. SUMMARY
[0010] [010] The present modalities provided here are aimed at systems and methods that facilitate the formation and maintenance of new Reverse Configurations in High Performance Fields (FRCs). In accordance with this new High Performance FRC paradigm, the present system combines a host of new ideas and aims to drastically improve the FRC confinement of particles, energy and luxury in addition to providing stability control without negative side effects
[0011] [011] A FRC system provided here includes a central containment container surrounded by two diametrically opposed theta-narrowing formation sections and, in addition to the forming sections, two bypass chambers to control neutral density and impurity contamination. A magnetic system includes a series of near-dc spirals that are located in axial positions along the components of the FRC system, near-dc mirrored spirals between each end of the containment chamber and the adjacent forming sections, and mirrored plugs comprising near-dc mirrored spirals compact between each of the forming sections and deflectors that produce additional guide fields to focus the magnetic flux surfaces in the direction of the deflecting element. The training sections include modular pulsed energy training systems that allow FRCs to be formed in situ and then accelerated and injected (= static formation) or formed and accelerated simultaneously (= dynamic formation).
[0012] [012] The FRC system includes neutral atom beam injectors and a pellet injector. Extractor systems are also included in addition to axial plasma guns. Guiding electrodes are also provided for electrical guidance of open flow surfaces.
[0013] [013] The systems, methods, characteristics and advantages of the invention will be or will become apparent to those skilled in the art by examining the figures below and the detailed description. It is intended that all additional methods, characteristics and advantages are included in that description, are within the scope of the invention and are protected by the appended claims. It is also intended that the invention is not limited to requiring details of the illustrative modalities. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0014] [014] The attached drawings, which are included as part of this specification, illustrate the currently preferred modality and, together with the general description provided above and the detailed description of the preferred modality provided below, serve to explain and teach the principles of present invention.
[0015] [015] Figure 1 illustrates the particle confinement in the present FRC system under a high performance FRC regime (HPF) X under a conventional FRC regime (CR), and x other conventional FRC experiments.
[0016] [016] Figure 2 illustrates the components of the present FRC system and the magnetic topology of a FRC that can be produced in the present FRC system.
[0017] [017] Figure 3 illustrates the basic presentation of the present FRC system as seen from above, including the preferred arrangement of neutral beams, electrodes, plasma guns, mirrored plugs and pellet injector.
[0018] [018] Figure 4 illustrates a schematic of the components of a pulsed energy system for the training sections.
[0019] [019] Figure 5 illustrates an isometric view of an individual pulsed energy sliding element.
[0020] [020] Figure 6 illustrates an isometric view of a formation tube assembly.
[0021] [021] Figure 7 shows an isometric view in partial section of the neutral beam system and key components.
[0022] [022] Figure 8 illustrates an isometric view of the neutral beam arrangement in the containment chamber.
[0023] [023] Figure 9 illustrates an isometric view in partial section of a preferred arrangement of the Ti and Li gettering systems.
[0024] [024] Figure 10 shows an isometric view in partial section of a plasma gun installed in the bypass chamber. Also shown are the associated magnetic mirror plug and a bypass electrode assembly.
[0025] [025] Figure 11 illustrates a preferred presentation of an annular guiding electrode at the axial end of the containment chamber.
[0026] [026] Figure 12 illustrates the evolution of the flow radius excluded in the FRC system obtained from a series of external diamagnetic circuits in two reverse theta narrowing formation sections in the field and magnetic probes embedded in the central metallic confinement chamber. The time is measured from the moment of synchronized field reversal in the formation sources, and the distance z is provided with respect to the axial intermediate plane of the machine.
[0027] [027] Figures 13a to d illustrate data from a non-sustained, non-HPF discharge representative in the present FRC system. Illustrated as time functions are: (a) flow radius excluded in the middle plane, (b) 6 strands of integrated line density of the CO2 interferometer from the middle plane, (c) Abel inverted density radial profiles of the CO2 interferometer data and (d) total plasma temperature from the pressure balance.
[0028] [028] Figure 14 illustrates the axial flow profiles excluded at selected moments for the same discharge of the present FRC system illustrated in figure 13.
[0029] [029] Figure 15 illustrates an isometric view of the settlement spirals mounted outside the containment chamber.
[0030] [030] Figure 16 illustrates the correlations between FRC lifetime and pulse length of injected neutral beams. As illustrated, larger beam pulses produce more durable FRCs.
[0031] [031] Figure 17 illustrates the individual and combined effects of different components of the FRC system on the performance of FRC and the achievement of the HPF regime.
[0032] [032] Figures 18a to d illustrate data from an unsustainable discharge, representative HPF in the present FRC system. Illustrated as time functions are: (a) flow radius excluded in the intermediate plane, (b) 6 inline density strands of the intermediate plane CO2 interferometer, (c) Abel inverted density radial profiles of the CO2 interferometer data and (d) total plasma temperature from the pressure balance.
[0033] [033] Figure 19 illustrates flow confinement as a function of electron temperature (Te). It represents a graphical representation of a newly established upper scaling regime for HPF discharges.
[0034] [034] It should be noted that the figures are not necessarily to scale and that elements of similar structures or functions are generally represented by similar numerical references for illustrative purposes by all figures. It should also be noted that the figures should only facilitate the description of the various modalities described here. The figures do not necessarily describe every aspect of the teachings described here and do not limit the scope of the claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] [035] The present modalities provided here are aimed at systems and methods that facilitate the formation and maintenance of High Performance Reverse Field Configurations (FRCs) with superior stability in addition to superior particle confinement, energy and flow through conventional FRCs. Various auxiliary systems and operating modes can be explored to determine whether there is a higher containment regime in FRCs. These efforts result in discoveries and the development of a High Performance FRC paradigm described here. According to the new paradigm, the present systems and methods combine a host of new ideas and means to dramatically improve FRC confinement as illustrated in figure 1 in addition to providing stability control without negative side effects. As discussed in greater detail below, figure 1 shows the confinement of particles in an FRC 10 system described below (see figures 2 and 3), operating according to a High Performance FRC regime (HPF) for the formation and maintenance of a FRC X the operation according to a conventional regime CR for the formation and maintenance of a FRC, and X the particle confinement according to the conventional regimes for the formation and maintenance of a FRC used in other experiments. This description will outline and detail the innovative individual components of the FRC 10 system and methods in addition to their collective effects. FRC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION VACUUM SYSTEM
[0036] [036] Figures 2 and 3 show a schematic of the present FRC 10 system. The FRC 10 system includes a central confinement container 100 surrounded by two diametrically opposed theta narrowing training sections 200 and, in addition to the training sections 200, two bypass chambers 300 to control neutral density and contamination by impurities. The present FRC 10 system was built to accommodate the ultra-high vacuum and operates at typical base pressures of 10-8 torr. Such vacuum pressures require the use of matching double-pumping flanges between matching components, metallic O-rings, high-purity internal walls, as well as careful initial surface conditioning of all parts prior to assembly, such as physical and chemical cleaning followed for 24 hours of vacuum cooking at 250 C and cleaning the discharge flush with Hydrogen.
[0037] [037] The reverse theta narrowing formation sections 200 are standard field reverse theta narrowing (FRTPs), despite an advanced pulsed energy formation system discussed in detail below (see figures 4 to 6). Each forming section 200 is made of standard opaque industrial grade quartz tubes that feature a 2mm inner liner of ultrapure quartz. The confinement chamber 100 is made of stainless steel that allows the multiplicity of radial and tangential doors; it also serves as a flow conservator on the time scale of the experiments described below and limits fast magnetic transients. The vacuums are created and maintained within the FRC 10 system with a set of dry rolling roughing pumps, turbo molecular pumps and cryogenic pumps. MAGNETIC SYSTEM
[0038] [038] The magnetic system 400 is illustrated in figures 2 and 3. Figure 2, among other characteristics, illustrates a FRC magnetic flux and density contours (as functions of the radial and axial coordinates) belonging to a FRC 450 that can be produced by the FRC 10 system. These contours were obtained by a 2-D resistive MHD Hall numerical simulation using the code developed to simulate systems and methods corresponding to the FRC 10 system, and agree well with the measured experimental data. As shown in figure 2, FRC 450 consists of a closed field torus inside 453 of FRC 450 inside a separator 451, and an annular edge layer 456 on open field lines 452 just outside separator 451. A edge layer 456 blends in jets 454 in addition to the FRC length, providing an element of natural deviation.
[0039] [039] The main magnetic system 410 includes a series of spirals almost dc 412, 414 and 416 that are located in particular axial positions along the components, that is, along the confinement chamber 100, the forming sections 200 and the baffles 300, from the FRC 10 system. The almost dc spirals 412, 414 and 416 are powered by almost dc switching energy supplies and produce basic magnetic orientation fields of about 0.1 T in confinement chamber 100, the sections of formation 200 and baffles 300. In addition to the almost dc spirals 412, 414 and 416, the main magnetic system 410 includes mirrored spirals almost dc 420 (powered by the switching supplies) between any end of the confinement chamber 100 and the formation sections adjacent 200. Mirrored spirals almost dc 420 provide magnetic mirror ratios of up to 5 and can be independently energized for the purpose of balancing format control. In addition, mirrored plugs 440 are positioned between each of the forming sections 200 and the deflectors 300. Mirrored plugs 440 comprise almost compact dc mirrored spirals 430 and mirrored plug spirals 444. Mirrored almost dc spirals 430 include three spirals 432, 434 and 436 (powered by switched supplies) that produce additional guide fields to focus the magnetic flux surfaces 455 in the direction of the small diameter passage 442 passing through the mirrored plug spirals 444. The mirrored plug spirals 444, which involve the passage 442 small diameter and powered by a set of pulsed LC power circuits, producing strong magnetic mirror fields of up to 4 T. The purpose of all this spiral arrangement is to fit tightly and orient the 455 magnetic flux surfaces and the end-sequencing plasma jets 454 into the remote chambers 310 of the baffles 300. Finally , a set of nesting spiral "antennas" 460 (see figure 15) located outside confinement chamber 100, two on each side of the intermediate plane, and are powered by dc power supplies. The spiral antennas 460 can be configured to provide a field of two or four nearly static magnetic poles of about 0.01 T to control rotation instabilities and / or electron current control. The spiral laying antennas 460 can flexibly provide magnetic fields that are symmetrical or asymmetrical around the machine's intermediate plane, depending on the direction of the applied currents. PULSED ENERGY FORMATION SYSTEMS
[0040] [040] Pulsed energy formation systems 210 operate on a modified theta narrowing principle. There are two systems that each energize one of the training sections 200. Figures 4 to 6 illustrate the main building blocks and the arrangement of the training systems 210. The training system 210 consists of a pulsed energy arrangement modular consisting of individual units (= sliding elements) 220 that each energize a subset of spirals 232 of a strip assembly 230 (= strips) that surrounds the forming quartz tubes 240. Each sliding element 220 consists of capacitors 221, inductors 223, fast high-current switches 225 and associated drivers 222 and a dump circuit set 224. In total, each training system 210 stores between 350 to 400 kJ of capacitive energy, which provides up to 35 GW of energy to form and accelerate FRCs. The coordinated operation of these components is achieved through a state of the art trigger and control system 222 and 224 that allows synchronized timing between training systems 210 in each training section 200 and minimizes the switching oscillation for tens of nanoseconds. The advantage of this modular design is its flexible operation: FRCs can be formed in situ and then accelerated and injected (= static formation) or formed and accelerated at the same time (= dynamic formation). NEUTRAL BEAM INJECTORS
[0041] [041] Neutral atom beams are developed in the FRC 10 system to provide heating and current driving in addition to developing fast particle pressure. As illustrated in figures 3 and 8, the individual beam lines comprising neutral atom beam injector systems 610 and 640 are located around the central confinement chamber 100 and inject fast particles tangentially into the FRC plasma (and perpendicular to the axis of the cooling chamber). confinement 100) with an impact parameter so that the target trapping zone is well within the 451 separator (see figure 2). Each 610 and 640 injector system can project up to 1 MW of neutral beam energy in the FRC plasma with particle energy between 20 and 40 KeV. The 610 and 640 systems are based on extraction sources of multiple positive ion openings and use geometric focus, inertial cooling of ion extraction grids and differential pumping. In addition to using different plasma sources, the 610 and 640 systems are basically differentiated by their physical designs to match their respective mounting locations, resulting in side and top injection capabilities. Typical components of these neutral beam injectors are specifically illustrated in figure 7 for side injector systems 610. As illustrated in figure 7, each individual neutral beam system 610 includes an RF 612 plasma source and an input end (this is replaced by an arc source on 640 systems) with a magnetic screen 614 covering the end. An optical ion source and acceleration grids 616 are coupled to the plasma source 612 and a gate valve is positioned between the optical ion source and the acceleration grids 616 and a neutralizer 622. A bypass magnet 624 and a deposit of ion 628 are located between the neutralizer 622 and a focus device 630 at the outlet end. A cooling system comprises two 634 refrigerators, two 636 cryopanels and one LN2 638 protection. The flexible design allows operation through a wide range of FRC parameters. PELLET INJECTOR
[0042] [042] To provide a means of injecting new particles and better control of FRC particle inventory, a 12-barrel 700 pellet injector (see, for example, I.Vinyar et al., "Pellet Injectors Developed ad PELIN for JT, TAE, and HL2A "Proceedings of the 26th Fusion Science and Technology Symposium, from September 27 to October (2010)) is used in the FRC 10 system. Figure 3 illustrates the presentation of the 700 pellet injector in the FRC system 10. Cylindrical pellets (D ~ 1 mm, L ~ 1 to 2 mm) are injected into the FRC with a speed in the range of 150 to 250 km / s. Each individual pellet contains about 5 x 1019 hydrogen atoms, which is comparable to the FRC particle inventory. GETTERING SYSTEMS
[0043] [043] It is well known that halo neutral gas is a serious problem in all containment systems. The load exchange and recycling processes (release of cold impurity material from the wall) can have a devastating effect on the confinement of energy and particles. In addition, any significant density of neutral gas at or near the edge will result in immediate losses of or at least severe reduction in the life span of the injected large orbit particles (high energy) (large orbit referring to particles having orbits on the topology scale) FRC or at least orbit radii much larger than the characteristic magnetic field gradient length scale) - a fact that is detrimental to all energy plasma applications, including fusion through auxiliary beam heating.
[0044] [044] Surface conditioning is a means by which the harmful effects of neutral gas and impurities can be controlled or reduced in a containment system. For this purpose, the FRC 10 system provided here employs deposition systems for Titanium and Lithium 810 and 820 that coat the surfaces facing the plasma of the confinement chamber (or container) 100 and baffles 300 with films (thick micrometer lens) of Ti and / or Li. The coatings are achieved using vapor deposition techniques. Li and / or Ti solids are evaporated and / or sublimated and sprayed on nearby surfaces to form the coatings. The sources are atomic ovens with guide nozzles (in the case of Li) 822 or heated solid spheres with guide protection (in the case of Ti) 812. Li evaporation systems typically operate in a continuous mode while Ti sublimators are basically operated intermittently between the plasma operation. The operating temperatures of these systems are above 600 C for fast deposition rates. To achieve good wall coverage, multiple strategically located evaporator / sublimation systems are required. Figure 9 details a preferred arrangement of the 810 and 820 gettering deposition systems in the FRC 10 system. The coatings act as gettering surfaces and effectively pump atomic and molecular hydrogen species (H and D). Coatings also reduce other typical impurities such as carbon and oxygen to negligible levels. MIRRORED PLUGS
[0045] [045] As mentioned above, the FRC 10 system employs sets of mirrored spirals 420, 430 and 444 as illustrated in figures 2 and 3. A first set of mirrored spirals 420 is located at two axial ends of confinement chamber 100 and is independently energized from confining spirals 412, 414 and 416 of the main magnetic system 410. The first set of mirrored spirals 420 basically helps to mix and axially contain the FRC 450 during mixing and provides balance formatting control during lift. The first set of mirrored spirals 420 produces nominally larger magnetic fields (around 0.4 to 0.5 T) than the central confinement field produced by the central confined spirals 412. The second set of mirrored spirals 430, which includes three almost dc compact mirrored spirals 432, 434, and 436, are located between forming sections 200 and baffles 300 and are driven by a common switching power supply. Mirrored spirals 432, 434, and 436, together with the more compact pulsed mirrored plug spirals 444 (powered by a capacitive power supply) and physical constriction 442 form mirrored plugs 440 that provide a low, narrow gas conductance path with very high magnetic fields (between 2 and 4 T with elevation times of about 10 to 20 ms). The more compact pulsed mirrored spirals 444 are of compact radial dimensions, 20 cm orifice and similar length, compared to the more scale meter orifice and the pancake-like design of the confining spirals 412, 414 and 416. The purpose of the mirrored plugs 440 is varied: (1) the spirals 432, 434, 436 and 444 form a tight beam and orient the magnetic flux surfaces 452 and end-sequencing plasma jets 454 into the remote bypass chambers 300. This ensures that the particles exhaust pipes reach the baffles 300 properly and that there are continuous flow surfaces 455 that trace the open field line region 452 of the central FRC 450 all the way to the baffles 300. (2) Physical restrictions 442 in the FRC 10 system, through of which these spirals 432, 434, 436 and 444 allow the passage of magnetic flux surfaces 452 and plasma jets 454, provide an impediment to the flow of neutral gas from the plasma guns 350 that are based on baffles 300. In the same vein, restrictions 442 prevent the sequencing of gas return from forming sections 200 to baffles 300 thereby reducing the number of neutral particles that need to be introduced throughout the FRC 10 system when starting a FRC. (3). The strong axial mirrors produced by the spirals 432, 434, 436 and 444 reduce the loss of axial particle and, thus, reduce the diffusion capacity of parallel particle in the open field lines. AXIAL PLASMA PISTOLS
[0046] [046] Plasma sequences for pistols 350 mounted in deflection chambers 310 of baffles 300 should improve the stability and performance of the neutral beam. The pistols 350 are mounted on the axis inside the chamber 310 of the deflectors 300 as illustrated in figures 3 and 10 and produce plasma flowing along the open flow lines 452 in the deflection element 300 and towards the center of the confinement chamber 100. The 350 pistols operate on a high density gas discharge in a washer stack channel and are designed to generate several kiloamperes of fully ionized plasma for 5 to 10 ms. The pistols 350 include a pulsed magnetic spiral that combines the output plasma sequence with the desired plasma size in confining chamber 100. The technical parameters of the pistols 350 are characterized by a channel having an outside diameter of 5 to 13 cm and up to about 10 cm internal diameter and provides a discharge current of 10 to 15 kA at 400 to 600 V with a magnetic field inside the gun of between 0.5 to 2.3 T.
[0047] [047] Pistol plasma currents can penetrate the magnetic fields of mirrored plugs 440 and flow into formation section 200 and confinement chamber 100. The efficiency of plasma transfer through mirrored plug 440 increases with reduced distance between gun 350 and plug 440 and by widening and shortening plug 440. Under reasonable conditions, pistols 350 can each distribute approximately 1022 protons / s through mirrored plugs of 2 to 4 ¨T 440 at high temperature ion and electron of about 150 to 300 eV and about 40 to 50 eV, respectively. Guns 350 provide significant replenishment of the FRC 456 edge layer and an improvement in overall FRC particle confinement.
[0048] [048] To further increase the plasma density, a gas box can be used to spray additional gas into the plasma stream from the 350 pistols. This technique allows for a multiple-fold increase in the density of injected plasma. In the FRC 10 system, a gas box installed on the side of the bypass element 300 of the mirrored plugs 440 optimizes the replenishment of the FRC 456 edge layer, formation of FRC 450 and mooring of the plasma line.
[0049] [049] According to the setting parameters discussed above and also taking into account that operation with only one or both guns is possible, it is readily apparent that a wide range of operating modes is possible. GUIDANCE ELECTRODES
[0050] [050] The electrical orientation of open flow surfaces can provide radial potentials that give rise to the ExB azimuth movement that provides a control mechanism, analogous to the rotation of a button, to control the rotation of the open field line plasma beyond the core Actual FRC 450 through speed shear. To carry out this control, the FRC 10 system employs several electrodes strategically located in various parts of the machine. Figure 3 shows the orientation electrodes positioned in preferred locations within the FRC 10 system.
[0051] [051] In principle, there are 4 classes of electrodes: (1) point electrodes 905 in confinement chamber 100 that make contact with particular open field lines 452 at the edge of FRC 450 to provide local charge, (2) ring electrodes 900 between the confinement chamber 100 and the forming sections 200 to load the symmetrical azimuth-shaped flow layers 456 in the form of symmetrical azimuth, (3) stacks of concentric electrodes 910 in the baffles 300 to load the multiple layers and concentric flow 455 (where selection of layers is controllable by adjusting the spirals 416 to adjust the magnetic field of the deflection element in order to enclose the desired flow layers 456 in the appropriate electrodes 910) and finally (4) the anodes 920 (see figure 10) of the plasma guns 350 per se (which intercept the internal open flow surfaces 455 near the FRC 450 separator). Figures 10 and 11 illustrate some typical drawings for some of them.
[0052] [052] In all cases these electrodes are driven by dc or pulsed energy sources at voltages up to about 800 V. Depending on the size of the electrode and which flow surfaces are intersected, currents can be created in the kilo range -ampere. FRC SYSTEM NON-SUSTAINED OPERATION - CONVENTIONAL REGIME
[0053] [053] The formation of standard plasma in the FRC 10 system follows the well developed reverse field theta narrowing technique. A typical process for starting a FRC starts by activating the spirals almost dc 412, 414, 416, 420, 432, 434 and 436 for steady state operation. The RFTP pulsed energy circuits of the pulsed energy formation systems 210 then trigger the pulsed fast reverse magnetic field spirals 232 to create a temporary reverse orientation of about -0.05 T in the formation sections 200. At that point, an amount predetermined neutral gas at 9 to 20 psi is injected into two formation volumes defined by the quartz tube chambers 240 of the formation sections (north and south) 200 through a set of azimuth-oriented spray valves on flanges located at the ends of formation sections 200. Next, a small RF field (~ hundreds of kilo-hertz) is generated from a set of antennas on the surface of the quartz tubes 240 to create a pre-pre-set in the form of regions of local seed ionization within the neutral gas columns. This is followed by the application of a theta touch modulation to the current triggering the fast and pulsed reverse magnet field spirals 232, which results in a more global pre-ionization of the gas columns. Finally, the main pulsed energy banks of the pulsed energy formation systems 210 are fired to drive the rapid and pulsed reverse magnet field spirals 232 to create a forward-oriented field of up to 0.4 T. This step can be sequenced in time so that the forward-oriented field is generated uniformly over the entire length of the formation tubes 240 (static formation) or so that a consecutive peristaltic field modulation is achieved along the axis of the formation tubes 240 (dynamic formation ).
[0054] [054] Throughout the formation process, the real field reversal in plasma occurs rapidly, within about 5 s. The pulsed energy of multiple giga watts distributed to the forming plasma rapidly produces hot FRCs which are then ejected from the forming sections 200 through the application of time-sequenced modulation of the advancing magnetic field (magnetic peristalsis) or temporarily increased currents in the last spirals of the spiral assemblies 232 near the outer axial ends of the forming tubes 210 (forming an axial magnetic field gradient that points axially in the direction of the confining chamber 100). The two forming FRCs (north and south) formed like this and accelerated then expand into the larger diameter confinement layer 100, where spirals almost dc 412 produce a guided field of advancement to control radial expansion and provide an external magnetic flux of balance.
[0055] [055] Since the FRCs of north and south formation come close to the intermediate plane of confinement chamber 100, the FRCs collide. During the collision, the axial kinetic energies of the FRCs of north and south formation are very thermalized as the FRCs are finally mixed into a single FRC 450. A large set of plasma diagnostics is available in confinement chamber 100 to study the balance of the FRC 450. Typical operating conditions in the FRC 10 system produce FRCs composed of separator radii of about 0.4 m and about 3 m of axial extension. Additional features are external magnetic fields of about 0.1 T, plasma densities of about 5x1019 m-3 and total plasma temperature of up to 1 keV. Without any support, that is, without heating and / or driving current through the injection of neutral beam or other auxiliary means, the service life of these FRCs is limited to about 1 ms, the reduction time of the native characteristic configuration. EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON NON-SUSTAINED OPERATION - CONVENTIONAL REGIME
[0056] [056] Figure 12 illustrates a typical time evolution of the excluded flow radius, r, which approximates the separator radius, rs, to illustrate the dynamics of the FRC 450 theta narrowing mixing process. The two individual plasmoids (north and south) are produced simultaneously and then accelerated out of the respective formation sections 200 at a supersonic speed, vz ~ 250 km / s and collide near the intermediate plane az = 0. During the collision, the plasmoids compress axially, followed by a rapid radial and axial expansion, before eventually mixing to form a FRC 450. Both the radial and axial dynamics of the mixed FRC 450 are evidenced by detailed density profile measurements and bolometer-based tomography.
[0057] [057] data from an unsustainable discharge representative of the FRC 10 system are illustrated as time functions in figure 13. FRC is initiated at t = 0. The flow radius excluded in the axial intermediate plane of the machine is illustrated in figure 13a. These data are obtained from a set of magnetic probes, located inside the stainless steel wall of the confinement chamber, which measures the axial magnetic field. The steel wall is a good flow conservator in the time scales of this discharge.
[0058] [058] The densities integrated in line are illustrated in figure 13b, from a 6-cord CO2 / He-Ne interferometer located at z = 0. Taking into account the vertical displacement FRC (y) as measured by tomography bolometric analysis, the Abel inversion results in density contours of figures 13c. After some axial and radial spraying during the first 0.1 ms, FRC settles with a hollow density profile. This profile is very flat, with substantial density on the geometric axis, as required by the typical 2-D FRC balance.
[0059] [059] The total plasma temperature is illustrated in figure 13d, derived from pressure balance and fully consistent with Thomson scattering and spectroscopy measurements.
[0060] [060] The analysis of the entire excluded flow set includes the format of the FRC separator (approximation by the excluded axial flow profiles) which gradually evolves from the racetrack to an ellipse. This evolution, illustrated in figure 14, is consistent with a gradual magnetic reconnection of two for a FRC. In fact, approximate estimates suggest that in this particular case, about 10% of the two initial FRC magnetic streams reconnect during the collision.
[0061] [061] The length of the FRC shrinks steadily from 3 to about 1 over the lifetime of the FRC. This shrinkage, visible in figure 14, suggests that basically the loss of convective energy dominates FRC confinement. As the plasma pressure within the separator decreases more rapidly than the external magnetic pressure, the magnetic field line voltage in the end regions compresses the FRC axially, restoring the axial and radial balance. For the discharge discussed in figures 13 and 14, the magnetic flux FRC, particle inventory and thermal energy (particles of about 10 mWb, 7x1019, and 7 kJ, respectively) reduce by approximately an order of magnitude in the first millisecond, when the FRC balance seems to give way. SUSTAINED OPERATION - HPF REGIME
[0062] [062] The examples in figures 12 to 14 are characteristic of the reduction of FRCs without any support. However, several techniques are developed in the FRC 10 system to further improve the FRC confinement (inner core and outer edge) for the HPF regime and support the configuration. NEUTRAL BEAMS
[0063] [063] First, fast neutrals (H) are injected perpendicularly to Bz in bundles of eight 600 neutral beam injectors. The bundles of fast neutrals are injected from the moment when FRCs of north and south formation mix in the confinement 100 in a FRC 450. The last ions, created primarily by charge exchange, have betatron orbits (with primary radii in the escalating FRC topology or at least much larger than the characteristic magnetic field gradient length scale) that add to the azimuth current of the FRC 450. After a fraction of discharge (after 0.5 to 0.8 ms in one shot), a fast and sufficiently large ion population significantly improves the stability of the internal FRC and the properties of containment (see, for example, MW Binderbauer N. Rostoker, Plasma Phys. 56, part 3, 451 (1996)). In addition, from a sustaining perspective, the beams of the neutral beam injectors 600 are also basically means for driving the current and heating the FRC plasma.
[0064] [064] In the plasma regime of the FRC 10 system, fast ions basically reduce the speed in plasma electrons. During the front part of a discharge, typical fast-ion average orbit speed reduction times are 0.3 to 0.5 ms, which results in significant heating of FRC, basically of the electrons. The fast ions perform large radial excursions outside the separator, since the internal FRC magnetic field is inherently slow (about 0.03 T on average for an external axial field of 0.1 T). Fast ions would be vulnerable to loss of charge exchange if the density of the neutral gas was too high outside the separator. Therefore, the wall gettering techniques and other techniques (such as the plasma gun 350 and mirrored plugs 440 that contribute, among other things, to gas control) developed in the FRC 10 system tend to minimize edge neutrals and allow the necessary accumulation of rapid ion current. PELLET INJECTION
[0065] [065] When a significant fast ion population is accumulated within the FRC 450, with higher electron temperatures and longer FRC lifetimes, frozen H or D pellets are injected into the FRC 450 from the 700 pellet injector to sustain the FRC 450 FRC particle inventory. The anticipated ablation time scales are short enough to provide a significant FRC particle source. This rate can also be increased by increasing the surface area of the injected part by breaking the individual pellet into smaller fragments while in the pellet injector 700 injection drums or tubes and before entering confinement chamber 100, a step that can be achieved by increasing the friction between the pellet and the walls of the injection tube by tightening the bend radius of the last segment of the injection tube just before entering the confinement chamber 100. Due to the variation in the firing sequence and the rate of 12 drums (injection tubes) in addition to fragmentation, it is possible to tune the 700 pellet injection system to provide only the desired level of particle inventory support. This in turn helps to maintain the internal kinetic pressure on the FRC 450 and the sustained operation and service life of the FRC 450.
[0066] [066] Once the ablated atoms find significant plasma in FRC 450, they become fully ionized. The resulting cold plasma component is then heated by collision with the native FRC plasma. The energy required to maintain a desired FRC temperature is ultimately supplied by the beam injectors 600. In this sense, the pellet injectors 700 together with the neutral beam injectors 600 form the system that maintains a stable state and sustains the FRC 450. SETTING SPIRALS
[0067] [067] In order to achieve the steady state current drive and maintain the necessary ion current, it is desirable to prevent or significantly reduce the electron spin up due to the electron-ion frictional force (resulting from the transfer of impulse from electron and collision ion). The FRC 10 system uses an innovative technique to provide electron breakdown through a field of two or four externally applied static magnetic poles. This is done by means of external laying spirals 460 shown in figure 15. The radial magnetic field applied transversely to the laying spirals 460 induces an axial electric field in the rotating FRC plasma. The resulting axial electron current interacts with the radial magnetic field to produce an azimuth breaking force on the electrons, F = -Ve <| Br | two ). For typical conditions in the FRC 10 system, the required applied double magnetic pole field (or four poles) within the plasma need only be in the order of 0.001 T to provide adequate electron breakage. The corresponding external field of about .015 T is small enough not to cause appreciable rapid particle losses or otherwise negatively impact confinement. In fact, the applied double-pole (or four-pole) magnetic field contributes to suppress the instabilities. In combination with the tangential neutral beam injection and the axial plasma injection, the 460 seat coils provide an additional level of control with regard to the maintenance and stability of the chain. MIRRORED PLUGS
[0068] [068] The design of pulsed spirals 444 within mirrored plugs 440 allows the local generation of high magnetic fields (2 to 4 T) with modest capacitive energy (about 100 kJ). For the formation of magnetic fields typical of the present operation of the FRC 10 system, all field lines within the formation volume pass through restrictions 442 on mirrored plugs 440, as suggested by the magnetic field lines in figure 2 and contact with the plasma wall does not occur. In addition, the mirror plugs 440 in conjunction with the almost dc 416 bypass magnets can be adjusted to orient the field lines on the 910 bypass electrodes, or extend the field lines in an end cusp configuration (not shown) . The latter provides stability and suppresses electron thermal conduction in parallel.
[0069] [069] The mirrored plugs 440 alone also contribute to the control of neutral gas. The mirrored plugs 440 allow better use of the deuterium gas sprayed in the quartz tubes during the formation of FRC, since the gas return current into the baffles 300 is significantly reduced by the low conductance of the gas in the plugs (a meager 500 L / s). Most of the residual sprayed gas inside formation tubes 210 is rapidly ionized. In addition, the high-density plasma flowing through the mirrored plugs 440 provides efficient neutral ionization, thereby effective protection against the gas. As a result, most of the neutrals recycled in the baffles 300 of the FRC 456 edge layer do not return to the confinement chamber 100. In addition, the neutrals associated with the operation of the plasma guns 350 (as discussed below) will be confined to the baffles 300.
[0070] [070] Finally, mirrored plugs 440 tend to improve FRC edge layer confinement. With mirroring ratios (plug / magnetic confinement fields) in the range of 20 to 40, and with a length of 15 m between the north and south mirrored plugs 440, the edge layer particle confinement time τ | increases by up to an order of magnitude. The improvement of τ | readily increases FRC particle confinement.
[0071] [071] Assuming particle loss by radial diffusion (D) from the volume of separator 453 balanced by axial loss (τ |) from edge layer 456, we obtain (2πrsLs) (Dns / δ) = (2πrsLs) (ns / τ |), from where the separatriz density gradient length can be rewritten as δ = (Dτ |) 1/2. Here, rs, Ls and ns are separator radius, separator length and separator density, respectively. The FRC particle confinement time is τN = [πrs 2Ls] / [(2πrsLs) (Dns / δ)] = (/ ns) (τꞱτ |) 1/2, where τꞱ = a2 / D with a = rs / 4. Physically, the improvement of τ | it also requires that the 456 edge layer remains stable (that is, no n = 1 flute, hose or other MHD instability typical of open systems). The use of 350 plasma guns provides this preferred edge stability. In this sense, the mirror plugs 440 and the plasma gun 350 form an efficient edge control system. PLASMA PISTOLS
[0072] [073] The plasma guns 350 improve the stability of the FRC 454 exhaust jets by tying the line. The pistol plasmas of the plasma guns 350 are generated without an azimuth angular pulse, which is useful in controlling FRC rotation instabilities. As such, 350 pistols are an efficient means of controlling FRC stability without the need for older four-pole stabilization techniques. As a result, the plasma guns 350 make it possible to take advantage of the beneficial effects of fast particles or access to the advanced hybrid kinetic FRC regime as highlighted in this description. Therefore, the plasma guns 350 allow the FRC 10 system to be operated with settling spiral currents suitable for electron breakage, but below the threshold that would cause FRC instability and / or result in a drastic rapid particle diffusion.
[0073] [074] Like the MIRRORED PLUG method discussed above, if λ | can be significantly improved, the gun plasma supplied would be comparable to the edge layer particle loss rate (~ 1022 / s). The life of the gun-produced plasma in the FRC 10 system is in the range of milliseconds. In fact, consider gun plasma with a density of ne ~ 1013 cm-3 and an ion temperature of about 200 eV, confined between the mirrored end plugs 440. The trapping length L and the mirroring ratio R are about 15 m and 20, respectively. The average free ion path due to Coulomb collisions is λii ~ 6 x 103 cm and, since λiiInR / R ˂ L, the ions are confined in the dynamic gas regime. The plasma confinement time in this regime is τgd ~ RL / 2vs ~ 2 ms, where Vs is the ion sound speed. For comparison, the classical ion confinement time for these plasma parameters would be τc ~ 0.5τii (InR + (InR) 0.5) ~ 0.7 ms. Anomalous transverse diffusion may, in principle, shorten the plasma confinement time. However, in the FRC 10 system, if the Bohm diffusion rate is assumed, the estimated cross-confinement time for the gun plasma is τꞱ ˃ τgd ~ 2 ms. In this way, the guns will provide significant replenishment of the FRC 456 edge layer and an improved overall FRC particle confinement.
[0074] [075] Additionally, pistol plasma currents can be switched on in about 150 to 200 microseconds, which allows use in FRC initialization, translation and mixing within confinement chamber 100. If connected around t ~ 0 ( main bank initiation (FRC), gun plasmas help support the dynamically formed and mixed FRC present 450. The combined particle inventories of the forming FRCs and the guns are suitable for neutral beam capture, plasma heating, and lift long. If connected to t in the range of -1 to 0 ms, the gun plasmas can fill the quartz tubes 210 with plasma and ionize the sprayed gas in the quartz tubes, thus allowing the formation of FRC with reduced sprayed gas or even even, perhaps, equal to zero. The latter may require plasma formation sufficiently cold to allow rapid diffusion of the reverse-oriented magnetic field. If connected at t ˂ -2 ms, the plasma currents can fill a field line field of about 1 to 3 m3 of the formation and confinement regions of formation sections 200 and confinement chamber 100 with a target plasma density a few 1013 cm-3, enough to allow the accumulation of a neutral beam before the arrival of FRC. The forming FRCs can then be formed and transferred into the resulting confining container plasma. In this way, the 350 plasma guns allow for a wide variety of operating conditions and parameter regimes. ELECTRICAL GUIDANCE
[0075] [076] Controlling the radial electric field profile in the 456 edge layer is beneficial in several ways for FRC stability and confinement. Due to the innovative guidance components developed in the FRC 10 system, it is possible to apply a variety of deliberate distributions of electrical potentials to a group of open flow surfaces throughout the machine from areas well outside the central confinement region in the control chamber. confinement 100. In this way, the radial electric fields can be generated through the edge layer 456 just outside the FRC 450. These radial electric fields then modify the azimuth rotation of the edge layer 456 and perform their confinement through the shear velocity E x B. Any differential rotation between the edge layer 456 and the FRC core 453 can then be transmitted into the FRC plasma by shear. As a result, control of the 456 edge layer can directly impact the FRC 453 core. Additionally, since free energy in the plasma rotation can also be responsible for instabilities, this technique provides a direct means of controlling the generation and growth of instabilities. In the FRC 10 system, the proper edge orientation provides effective control of the open field line transport and rotation in addition to the FRC core rotation. The location and shape of the various electrodes supplied 900, 905, 910 and 920 allow the control of different groups of 455 flow surfaces and in different and independent potentials. In this way, a wide range of different electrical field configurations and resistors can be realized, each with different characteristic impacts on plasma performance.
[0076] [077] A key advantage of all these innovative orientation techniques is the fact that the core and edge plasma behavior can be carried out from outside the FRC frame, that is, without any need to bring any physical components in contact with the central hot plasma (which would have serious implications for energy, flow and particle losses). This has an important beneficial impact on performance and all potential applications of the HPF concept. EXPERIMENTAL DATA - HPF OPERATION
[0077] [078] The injection of fast particles through beams from 600 neutral beam guns plays an important role in the activation of the HPF regime. Figure 16 illustrates this fact. Presented is a set of curves illustrating how the life of the FRC correlates with the length of the beam pulses. All other operating conditions are kept constant for all discharges comprising this study. The data is measured through many shots and therefore represents typical behavior. It is clearly evident that the longer beam life produces more durable FRCs. Observing this evidence in addition to other diagnoses during this study, it is demonstrated that the bundles increase stability and reduce losses. The correlation between beam pulse length and FRC life is not perfect since beam trapping becomes inefficient below a certain plasma size, and as the FRC 450 shrinks in physical size, not all the injected bundles are intercepted and trapped. The FRC shrinkage is basically due to the fact that the net energy loss (~ 4 MW) of the FRC plasma during discharge is somehow greater than the total energy fed into the FRC through the neutral beams (~ 2.5 MW) for the particular experimental configuration. The location of bundles closer to the intermediate plane of the container 100 would tend to reduce these losses and the expected life of the FRC.
[0078] [079] Figure 17 illustrates the effects of different components to achieve the HPF regime. Illustrates a family of typical curves showing the life of the FRC 450 as a function of time. In all cases, a constant and modest amount of beam energy (about 2.5 MW) is injected for the duration of each discharge. Each curve is representative of a different combination of components. For example, operation of the FRC 10 system without any mirrored plugs 440, plasma guns 350 or gettering from the gettering 800 systems results in a quick installation of rotational instability and loss of FRC topology. The addition of only the mirrored plugs 440 delays the installation of instabilities and increases confinement. The use of the combination of mirrored plugs 440 and a plasma gun 350 further reduces instabilities and extends the life of the FRC. Finally, the addition of gettering (Ti in this case) on top of pistol 350 and plugs 440 results in better results - the resulting FRC is free from instability and exhibits longer service life. It is clear from this experimental demonstration that the total combination of components produces the best effect and provides the beams with the best target conditions.
[0079] [080] As illustrated in Figure 1, the newly discovered HPF regime exhibits drastically improved transport behavior. Figure 1 illustrates the change in particle confinement time in the FRC 10 system between the conventional regime and the HPF regime. As can be seen, it was improved well above a fact of 5 in the HPF regime. Additionally, figure 1 details the particle confinement time in the FRC 10 system in relation to the particle confinement time in previous conventional FRC experiments. With respect to these other machines, the HPF regime of the FRC 10 system has improved confinement by a factor of between 5 and close to 20. Finally and more importantly, the nature of the confinement escalation of the FRC 10 system in the HPF regime is drastically different. of all previous measurements. Before the establishment of the HPF regime in the FRC 10 system, several empirical scheduling laws were derived from the data to predict the confinement times in the previous FRC experiments. All other scheduling rules basically depend on the R2 / i ratio, where R is the radius of the null magnetic field (a loose measurement of the machine's physical scale) and i is the ion lamor radius evaluated in the externally applied field (a loose measurement of the applied magnetic field). It is clear from figure 1 that long confinement in conventional FRCs is possible only in a machine with a large size and / or high magnetic field. The operation of the FRC 10 system in the conventional FRC CR regime tends to follow these scheduling rules, as shown in figure 1. However, the HPF regime is vastly superior and illustrates that much better confinement is obtainable without the oversize machine or high magnetic fields. More importantly, it is also clear from Figure 1 that the HPF regime results in improved confinement time with reduced plasma size compared to the CR regime. Similar trends are also visible for the flow and energy confinement times, as described below, which increased by more than a factor of 3 to 8 in the FRC 10 system as well. The discovery of the HPF regime, therefore, allows the use of modest beam energy, lower magnetic fields and smaller size to sustain and maintain the FRC balance in the FRC 10 system and future larger power machines. Side by side with these improvements come lower construction and operating costs in addition to reduced engineering complexity.
[0080] [081] For further comparison, figure 18 illustrates data from a representative HPF discharge in the FRC 10 system as a function of time. Figure 18a shows the flow radius excluded in the intermediate plane. For these larger time scales the conductive steel wall is no longer a good flow conservator and magnetic probes inside the wall are increased with the probes outside the wall to adequately compensate for the diffusion of magnetic flux through the steel. Compared to typical performance in the conventional CR regime, as illustrated in figure 13, the HPF regime's operating mode exhibits a 400% longer service life.
[0081] [082] A strand representative of the integrated line density trace is illustrated in figure 18b with its inverted complement Abel, the density contours, in figure 18c. In comparison with the conventional CR FRC regime, as illustrated in figure 13, the plasma is more quiescent throughout the pulse, indicative of a very stable operation. The peak density is also slightly lower in HPF shots - that is, a consequence of a higher total plasma temperature (up to a factor of 2) as illustrated in figure 18d.
[0082] [083] For the respective discharge illustrated in figure 18, the energy, particle and flow confinement times are 0.5 ms, 1 ms and 1 ms, respectively. At a reference time of 1 ms within the discharge, the stored plasma energy is 2 kJ while the losses are about 4 MW, making this target very suitable for neutral beam support.
[0083] [084] Figure 19 summarizes all the advantages of the HPF regime in the form of a newly established experimental HPF flow confinement schedule. As can be seen in figure 19, based on the measurements made before and after t = 0.5 ms, that is, t  0.5 ms and> 0.5 ms, the confinement scales with approximately the temperature square electron. This strong scaling with a positive Te energy (not a negative energy) is completely opposite to that exhibited by conventional tokomaks, where confinement is typically inversely proportional to some electron temperature energy. The manifestation of this scaling is a direct consequence of the HPF state and the large orbiting ion population (that is, orbits on the scale of the FRC topology and / or at least the characteristic magnetic field gradient length scale). Fundamentally, this new scaling favors substantially high operating temperatures and allows for relatively modest sized reactors.
[0084] [085] While the invention is susceptible to several modifications, and alternative forms, specific examples have been illustrated in the drawings and are described here in detail. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the particular forms or methods described, but on the contrary, the invention must cover all modifications, equivalences and alternatives that are within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
[0085] [086] In the description above, for the sake of explanation only, the specific nomenclature is presented to provide an in-depth understanding of the present description. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these specific details are not necessary to practice the teachings of the present description.
[0086] [087] The various characteristics of representative examples and dependent claims can be combined in ways that are not specifically and explicitly listed in order to provide additional useful modalities of the present teachings. It is also expressly noted that all value ranges or indications of groups of entities describe each possible intermediate value or intermediate entity for the purposes of the original description, in addition to the purposes of restricting the claimed matter.
[0087] [088] The systems and methods for generating and maintaining an HPF regime FRC have been described. It is understood that the modalities described here serve the purpose of clarification and should not be considered as limiting the present matter of the description. Various modifications, uses, substitutions, combinations, improvements, production methods without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention will be evident to those skilled in the art. For example, the reader should understand that the specific ordering and combination of process actions described here is purely illustrative, unless stated otherwise, and the invention can be accomplished using different or additional process actions, or a different combination or ordering process actions. As another example, each feature of a modality can be mixed and combined with other features illustrated in other modalities. The characteristics and processes known to those skilled in the art can be incorporated in a similar manner as desired. Additionally and of course, the features can be added or subtracted as desired. Accordingly, the invention should not be restricted except in view of the appended claims and their equivalences.

权利要求:
Claims (20)
[0001]
System for generating and maintaining a magnetic field with a reverse field configuration (FRC), FEATURED by the fact that it comprises: a containment chamber (100), first and second diametrically opposed FRC forming sections (200) coupled to the containment chamber (100); first and second deflectors (300) coupled to the first and second forming sections (200), one or more of a plurality of plasma guns (350), one or more guiding electrodes and first and second mirrored plugs (440), wherein the plurality of plasma guns (350) includes first and second axial plasma guns ( 350) operatively coupled to the first and second deflectors (300), the first and second forming sections (200) and the containment chamber (100), in which the one or more guiding electrodes are positioned inside one or more of the the containment chamber (100), the first and second forming sections (200), and the first and second deflectors (300), and in which the first and second mirrored plugs (440) being positioned between the first and second sections of formation (200) and the first and second deflectors (300), a gettering system (800) coupled to the containment chamber (100) and the first and second deflectors (300), a plurality of neutral atom beam injectors (600) coupled to the containment chamber (100) and oriented normally to the axis of the containment chamber (100); and a magnetic system (410) comprising a plurality of almost dc spirals (432,434, 436 and 444) positioned around the containment chamber (100), the first and second forming sections (200), and the first and second deflectors (300 ), first and second sets of near-dc coils (432, 434, 436, 444) positioned between the containment chamber (100) and the first and second forming sections (200).
[0002]
System according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the mirrored plug comprises third and fourth sets of mirrored spirals between each of the first and second forming sections (200) and the first and second deflectors (300).
[0003]
System according to claim 2, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the mirrored plug additionally comprises a set of mirrored plug spirals wrapped around a restriction (442) in the passage between each of the first and second forming sections (200) and the first and second deflectors (300).
[0004]
System according to claim 3, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it additionally comprises first and second axial plasma pistols (350) operatively coupled to the first and second deflectors (300), the first and second forming sections (200) and the chamber containment (100).
[0005]
System according to claim 3, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it additionally comprises two or more seated spirals (460) coupled to the confinement chamber (100).
[0006]
System according to claim 3, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that it additionally comprises an ion pellet injector (700) coupled to the containment chamber (100).
[0007]
System, according to claim 3, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the training section (200) comprises modulated training systems for generating a FRC and translating it in the direction of an intermediate plane of the confinement chamber (100).
[0008]
System, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the orientation electrodes include one or more of one or more point electrodes positioned inside the containment chamber (100) to contact the open field lines, a set of annular electrodes between the containment chamber (100) and the first and second forming sections (200) to load the distant edge flow layers in a symmetrical azimuth shape, a plurality of concentric stacked electrodes positioned on the first and second deflectors (300) to load the multiple concentric flow layers, and anodes of the plasma guns (350) to intercept the open flow (452).
[0009]
System, according to claim 1, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the training section (200) comprises modulated training systems for generating a FRC and translating it in the direction of an intermediate plane of the confinement chamber (100), wherein one or more of a plurality of plasma guns (350), one or more guiding electrodes and first and second mirrored plugs (440) comprise first and second axial plasma guns (350) operatively coupled to the first and second deflectors ( 300), the first and second forming sections (200) and the containment chamber (100), and additionally comprising first and second mirrored plugs (440) positioned between the first and second forming sections (200) and the first and second deflectors (300), one or more guiding electrodes to electrically guide the open flow surface (455) of a generated FRC, the one or more guiding electrodes being positioned within one or more of the confining chamber (100), the first and second sections formation (200), and the first and second deflectors (300), two or more seated spirals (460) coupled to the containment chamber (100), and an ion pellet injector (700) coupled to the containment chamber (100).
[0010]
System according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the mirrored plug comprises a third and fourth sets of mirrored spirals between each of the first and second forming sections (200) and the first and second deflectors (300).
[0011]
System according to claim 10, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the mirrored plug additionally comprises a set of mirrored plug spirals wrapped around a restriction (442) in the passage between each of the first and second forming sections (200) and the first and second deflectors (300).
[0012]
System according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the elongated tube (210) is a quartz tube with a quartz lining.
[0013]
System, according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the formation systems are pulsed energy formation systems.
[0014]
System according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the forming systems comprise a plurality of control and energy units (220) coupled to individual sets of a plurality of sets of strips (230) to energize a set of coils of the individual sets of the plurality of strip sets (230) wrapped around the elongated tube (210) of the first and second forming sections (200).
[0015]
System according to claim 14, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the individual units of the plurality of power and control units (22) comprise a drive and control system (222).
[0016]
System, according to claim 15, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the drive and control systems (222) of the individual units of the plurality of power and control units (220) being synchronized to allow the static FRC formation in which the FRC is formed and then injected or the dynamic FRC formation in which the FRC is formed and translated simultaneously.
[0017]
System according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the plurality of neutral atom beam injectors (600) comprises one or more neutral atom beam injectors from RF plasma source (600) and one or more neutral atom beam from arc source (600).
[0018]
System according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the plurality of neutral atom beam injectors (600) is oriented with a FRC tangential injection path with a target trapping zone within the FRC separator (451) .
[0019]
System according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the gettering system (800) comprises one or more of a deposition system of titanium (810) and a deposition system of lithium (820) that cover the surfaces facing for the plasma of the confinement chamber (100) and the first and second deflectors (300).
[0020]
System, according to claim 9, CHARACTERIZED by the fact that the orientation electrodes include one or more of one or more point electrodes positioned inside the containment chamber (100) to contact the open field lines, a set of annular electrodes between the confinement chamber (100) and the first and second forming sections (200) to load the distant edge flow layers in a symmetrical azimuth shape, a plurality of concentric stacked electrodes positioned on the first and second deflectors (300) to load the multiple concentric flow layers, and anodes of the plasma guns (350) to intercept the open flow (452).

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法律状态:
2018-12-04| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|

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2019-11-05| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|

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2020-07-07| B06A| Patent application procedure suspended [chapter 6.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-02-17| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|

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2021-04-06| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 14/11/2012, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US201161559154P| true| 2011-11-14|2011-11-14|

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US61/559.154|2011-11-14|

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PCT/US2012/065071|WO2013074666A2|2011-11-14|2012-11-14|Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance frc|

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